B"H
Full Midrash Tanchuma text can be found here.
Most of this post comes out of a recent Bradfield workship, in which by happy coincidence I was able to study the Midrash Rabbah version of this midrash in chevruta. Thanks must therefore go to my chevruta partners M and J (particularly for getting the midrash's conclusion about the parah/egel to link up with the preceding episode with Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai), and to Dr EM for his teaching and support throughout.
Most of this post comes out of a recent Bradfield workship, in which by happy coincidence I was able to study the Midrash Rabbah version of this midrash in chevruta. Thanks must therefore go to my chevruta partners M and J (particularly for getting the midrash's conclusion about the parah/egel to link up with the preceding episode with Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai), and to Dr EM for his teaching and support throughout.
Sources:
1) Midrash Tanchuma Chukkat, Chapter 8 (abridged)
ויקחו אליך. רבי יוסי בר חנינא אמר, אמר ליה הקדוש ברוך הוא למשה, אני מגלה
לך טעם פרה. אבל לאחרים, חקה. [...]. רבי אחא בשם רבי יוסי בר חנינא אמר, בשעה שעלה משה למרום, שמע קולו
של הקדוש ברוך הוא יושב ועוסק בפרשת פרה אדומה, הלכה בשם אומרה, (רבי)
אליעזר בני אומר, עגלה בת שנתה, ופרה בת שתים. אמר משה לפניו, רבונו של
עולם, העליונים ותחתונים שלך הן ואתה אומר הלכה בשמו של בשר ודם. אמר לו,
צדיק אחד עתיד לעמוד בעולמי, ועתיד לפתוח בפרשת פרה אדומה תחלה, רבי אליעזר
אומר, עגלה בת שנתה, ופרה בת שתים. אמר לפניו, רבון העולמים, יהי רצון
שיהא מחלצי. אמר לו, חייך, שהוא מחלציך, הדא הוא דכתיב, ושם האחד אליעזר (שמו' יח ד).
ושם אותו המיוחד, אליעזר. מעשה בגר אחד ששאל את רבן יוחנן בן זכאי, אילין
מילייא דאתון עבדין נראין כמין כשפין. אתם מביאין פרה ושורפין אותה וכותשין
אותה ונוטלין את אפרה. ואם אחד מכם מטמא מת, מזין עליו שנים ושלש טיפין,
ואתם אומרים לו, טהרת. אמר לו, נכנסה בך רוח חזזית מימיך. אמר לו, לאו. אמר
לו, שמא ראית אדם שנכנסה בו רוח חזזית. אמר לו, הן. אמר לו, ומה אתם עושים
לו. אמר לו, מביאין עיקרין מעשנין תחתיו ומרביצין עליה מים, והיא בורחת.
אמר לו, ישמעו אזניך מה שאתה מוציא מפיך. כך הרוח הזו היא רוח הטומאה,
דכתיב, וגם את הנביאים ואת רוח הטומאה אעביר מן הארץ (זכר' יג ב),
מזין עליו מי נדה, והוא בורח. לאחר שיצא הגוי, אמרו לו תלמידיו, רבינו,
לזה דחית בקנה. לנו מה אתה אומר. אמר להן, חייכם, לא המת מטמא, (ולא פרה
מטהרה), ולא המים מטהרין. אלא אמר הקדוש ברוך הוא, חקה חקקתי, גזרה גזרתי,
אין אתה רשאי לעבור על גזרתי, דכתיב, זאת חקת התורה. ומפני מה כל הקרבנות
זכרים ונקבות, וזו נקבה. אמר רבי איבו, משל למה הדבר דומה. לבן שפחה שטנף
פלטרין של מלך. אמר המלך, תבוא אמו ותקנח את הצואה. כך אמר הקדוש ברוך הוא,
תבא פרה ותכפר על מעשה העגל:
2) Midrash Rabbah Chukkat, Chapter 8 (full)
ח שאל עובד כוכבים אחד את רבן יוחנן בן זכאי אילין
עובדייא דאתון עבדין נראין כמין כשפים אתם מביאים פרה ושורפין אותה וכותשין
אותה ונוטלין את אפרה ואחד מכם מטמא למת מזין עליו ב' וג' טיפין ואתם
אומרים לו טהרת אמר לו לא נכנסה בך רוח תזזית מימיך אמר לו לאו ראית אדם
שנכנסה בו רוח תזזית אמר לו הן א"ל ומה אתם עושין לו אמר לו מביאין עיקרין
ומעשנין תחתיו ומרביצים עליה מים והיא בורחת א"ל ישמעו אזניך מה שאתה מוצא
מפיך כך הרוח הזו רוח טומאה דכתיב (זכריה יג) וגם את הנביאים ואת רוח
הטומאה אעביר מן הארץ מזין עליו מי נדה והוא בורח לאחר שיצא אמרו לו
תלמידיו רבינו לזה דחית בקנה לנו מה אתה אומר אמר להם חייכם לא המת מטמא
ולא המים מטהרין אלא אמר הקב"ה חקה חקקתי גזירה גזרתי אי אתה רשאי לעבור על
גזרתי דכתיב זאת חוקת התורה ומפני מה כל הקרבנות זכרים וזו נקבה א"ר איבו
משל לבן שפחה שטינף פלטין של מלך אמר המלך תבא אמו ותקנח את הצואה כך אמר
הקדוש ברוך הוא תבא פרה ותכפר על מעשה העגל:
3) Bamidbar 19:1-6
וַיְדַבֵּר יְהוָה אֶל-מֹשֶׁה וְאֶל-אַהֲרֹן לֵאמֹר. ב זֹאת חֻקַּת הַתּוֹרָה אֲשֶׁר-צִוָּה יְהוָה לֵאמֹר דַּבֵּר אֶל-בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְיִקְחוּ אֵלֶיךָ פָרָה אֲדֻמָּה תְּמִימָה אֲשֶׁר אֵין-בָּהּ מוּם אֲשֶׁר לֹא-עָלָה עָלֶיהָ עֹל. ג וּנְתַתֶּם אֹתָהּ אֶל-אֶלְעָזָר הַכֹּהֵן וְהוֹצִיא אֹתָהּ אֶל-מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה וְשָׁחַט אֹתָהּ לְפָנָיו. ד וְלָקַח אֶלְעָזָר הַכֹּהֵן מִדָּמָהּ בְּאֶצְבָּעוֹ וְהִזָּה אֶל-נֹכַח פְּנֵי אֹהֶל-מוֹעֵד מִדָּמָהּ שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים. ה וְשָׂרַף אֶת-הַפָּרָה לְעֵינָיו אֶת-עֹרָהּ וְאֶת-בְּשָׂרָהּ וְאֶת-דָּמָהּ עַל-פִּרְשָׁהּ יִשְׂרֹף. ו וְלָקַח הַכֹּהֵן עֵץ אֶרֶז וְאֵזוֹב וּשְׁנִי תוֹלָעַת וְהִשְׁלִיךְ אֶל-תּוֹךְ שְׂרֵפַת הַפָּרָה.
4) Zecharya 13:2
וְהָיָה בַיּוֹם הַהוּא נְאֻם יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת אַכְרִית אֶת-שְׁמוֹת
הָעֲצַבִּים מִן-הָאָרֶץ וְלֹא יִזָּכְרוּ עוֹד וְגַם אֶת-הַנְּבִיאִים
וְאֶת-רוּחַ הַטֻּמְאָה אַעֲבִיר מִן-הָאָרֶץ
*************************************************************
Parshat Chukkat contains one of the most puzzling mitzvot, that of the parah adumah (red heifer) whose ashes are used to purify those who have become tamei (ritually impure) through contact with the dead while at the same time causing all who are involved in its preparation to themselves become tamei. For this and other reasons - not least its seeming uncomfortably like voodoo or witchcraft - the parah adumah has often been portrayed as the ultimate chok i.e a mitzvah without any rational explanation whatsoever. However, this status as a chok has not prevented commentators and midrashim down the ages from attempting some sort of rationalisation.
One particularly mysterious midrash which addresses both the parah adumah's inexplicability and apparent affinity with sorcery can be found in both the Midrash Tanchuma (source 1) and the Midrash Rabbah (source 2). While the version found in Midrash Tanchuma forms part of a larger midrash than its Midrash Rabbah cousin (which also proves important for its interpretation), let us start by focusing on the segment common to both.
One particularly mysterious midrash which addresses both the parah adumah's inexplicability and apparent affinity with sorcery can be found in both the Midrash Tanchuma (source 1) and the Midrash Rabbah (source 2). While the version found in Midrash Tanchuma forms part of a larger midrash than its Midrash Rabbah cousin (which also proves important for its interpretation), let us start by focusing on the segment common to both.
The midrash tells of an encounter between the famous Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai* and a non-Jew who articulates the concern that the ritual preparation and use of the parah adumah's ashes resembles witchcraft. Surprisingly, Rabbi Yochanan's response appears to tell the non-Jew that he is right by likening the parah adumah to an exorcism ritual (presumably practised by the pagans of that time) for removing 'evil spirits' from people. After the non-Jew has gone on his way, Rabbi Yochanan's students protest at his lame excuse and demand a better explanation of the parah adumah. Rabbi Yochanan's response to them - seemingly contradicting the p'shat or plain sense not only of the mitzva of the parah adumah but many of the laws of ritual impurity laid down in the Torah - by stating that:
'Lo hamet m'tamei (v'lo parah m'taharah), v'lo hamayim m'taharin. Ela amar HaKadosh Baruch Hu, chukah chakakti, g'zerah gazarti, ein atah rashai la'avor al g'zerati, dik'tiv 'zot chukat haTorah''
(It is not the dead which makes [one] impure, and it is neither the heifer which purifies nor the water [in which the ashes are mixed] which purifies. But the Holy One, Blessed be He, says 'I have instituted a statute and decreed a decree and you are not allowed to violate my decree, as it is written 'This is a statute of the Torah' (Bamidbar 19:1)).
'Lo hamet m'tamei (v'lo parah m'taharah), v'lo hamayim m'taharin. Ela amar HaKadosh Baruch Hu, chukah chakakti, g'zerah gazarti, ein atah rashai la'avor al g'zerati, dik'tiv 'zot chukat haTorah''
(It is not the dead which makes [one] impure, and it is neither the heifer which purifies nor the water [in which the ashes are mixed] which purifies. But the Holy One, Blessed be He, says 'I have instituted a statute and decreed a decree and you are not allowed to violate my decree, as it is written 'This is a statute of the Torah' (Bamidbar 19:1)).
Both of Rabbi Yochanan's responses are rather odd. While his answer to his own students makes a bold statement about the dead and the parah adumah not really making people tamei or tahor (ritually pure), it does teach an important lesson about keeping the mitzvot purely out of obedience to G-d. Given this, why did he not also educate the non-Jew rather than leaving him with his current worldview regarding witchcraft and idolatry intact?
If we look more closely at the language Rabbi Yochanan uses to 'teach' the non-Jew, we can in fact see a strong thread of irony which it is likely that only a Jewish audience would notice (or, at least, someone sensitive to Jewish texts and concepts). The supposed 'prooftext' from sefer Zecharya, which Rabbi Yochanan cites to the non-Jew in support of the idea that the parah adumah rids one of 'evil spirits', in fact comes from a pasuk looking forward to the day when G-d will remove the 'names of the idols' from the land (see source 4), while his exhortation to the non-Jew of 'yishm'u aznekha mah she'ata motzi mipikha' (Let your ears hear what your mouth speaks) is a subversive parody of the famous 'idol-smashing' midrash in which Avraham encourages his father Terach to acknowledge the fallacy of idol worship.
It seems as if Rabbi Yochanan's response to the non-Jew are intended more for the benefit of his listening students than for the non-Jew himself, showing both how to field awkward questions by non-Jews and (rather problematically) undermining the non-Jew behind his back by using texts about the fallacy of idol worship before going on to teach his students the 'real' message behind the parah adumah - that we are to follow it simply because 'G-d says so'.
However, this is not the end of the story. While Rabbi Yochanan's teaching in itself is a nice little vort, it is complicated by the fact that in both versions of the midrash it is immediately followed by an apparent explanation for the so-called 'inexplicable' parah adumah - namely, that this is an atonement for the earlier chet ha-egel (Sin of the Golden Calf). Moreover, in the Midrash Tanchuma version the wider midrash opens by positing that the essence or 'ta'am' of the mitzva of parah adumah was in fact revealed exclusively to Moshe, but that to everyone else it remains a chok without explanation.**
If we look more closely at the language Rabbi Yochanan uses to 'teach' the non-Jew, we can in fact see a strong thread of irony which it is likely that only a Jewish audience would notice (or, at least, someone sensitive to Jewish texts and concepts). The supposed 'prooftext' from sefer Zecharya, which Rabbi Yochanan cites to the non-Jew in support of the idea that the parah adumah rids one of 'evil spirits', in fact comes from a pasuk looking forward to the day when G-d will remove the 'names of the idols' from the land (see source 4), while his exhortation to the non-Jew of 'yishm'u aznekha mah she'ata motzi mipikha' (Let your ears hear what your mouth speaks) is a subversive parody of the famous 'idol-smashing' midrash in which Avraham encourages his father Terach to acknowledge the fallacy of idol worship.
It seems as if Rabbi Yochanan's response to the non-Jew are intended more for the benefit of his listening students than for the non-Jew himself, showing both how to field awkward questions by non-Jews and (rather problematically) undermining the non-Jew behind his back by using texts about the fallacy of idol worship before going on to teach his students the 'real' message behind the parah adumah - that we are to follow it simply because 'G-d says so'.
However, this is not the end of the story. While Rabbi Yochanan's teaching in itself is a nice little vort, it is complicated by the fact that in both versions of the midrash it is immediately followed by an apparent explanation for the so-called 'inexplicable' parah adumah - namely, that this is an atonement for the earlier chet ha-egel (Sin of the Golden Calf). Moreover, in the Midrash Tanchuma version the wider midrash opens by positing that the essence or 'ta'am' of the mitzva of parah adumah was in fact revealed exclusively to Moshe, but that to everyone else it remains a chok without explanation.**
This wider midrash lends an additional depth to Rabbi Yochanan's message that we are to observe the mitzva of parah adumah simply because it was decreed by G-d. Rather than being a source of concern, according to this 'explanation' for the parah adumah its' status as a 'chok' teaches us that its true spiritual value lies not in the ritual itself but in the fact that it comes from G-d. This then corrects the people's mistake during the chet ha-egel, which was to substitute the egel idol for G-d and say that it had been the idol that had led them out of Egypt rather than G-d Himself.***
According to the midrash's own opening - that the 'essence' of the parah adumah was only ever revealed to Moshe himself - it is doubtful that this is a full and complete explanation of the parah adumah. However, at the very least the midrash does show an additional depth to this puzzling chok by connecting it to the earlier chet ha-egel - in the process teaching us the importance of not confusing messenger with message, and reminding us that the value of any rituals we do ultimately stems from their having been commanded by G-d and not just from the rituals themselves.****
Shabbat shalom, and (just in case) well over the fast.
RPT
* Rabbi Yochanan is best known for persuading the Romans to let him restore the Sanhedrin and a centre of learning in the town of Yavneh following the destruction of the second Beit HaMikdash in Jerusalem, a move which proved crucial for Jewish survival.
**The Midrash Tanchuma bases this on the wording of the source text in Bamidbar 19:2 (see underlined at source 3 and at the opening to source 1), in which the command is for Israel to bring a parah adumah to 'elekha' - i.e. 'you' in the singular - despite this pasuk opening with G-d addressing both Moshe and Aharon and the rest of G-d's instructions concerning the parah adumah being given in the plural form. In this midrash, Rabbi Yose ben Chanina therefore concludes that G-d addressed part of this communication to Moshe alone.
***The Midrash Tanchuma version also ties this link between the parah adumah and the chet ha-egel to the opening of the midrash (strongly suggesting that this is at least part of the reason revealed to Moshe alone) by explaining that Moshe witnessed G-d citing a similar link between parah and egel in the name of a Rabbi Eliezer, resulting in Moshe successfully praying that the said Rabbi be counted amongst Moshe's descendants and thereby linking Moshe to the parah adumah. The commentary of the Kli Yakar/Etz Yosef in my translation of the Midrash Tanchuma notes that this is because Moshe is most strongly identified with the aftermath of the chet ha-egel (as opposed to Aharon) because he put his very existence on the line when pleading with G-d not to destroy Israel. As a result, Moshe is also identified within the midrash as actively seeking to be identified with the parah adumah, given the revelation to him that this is somehow connected to atonement for the chet ha-egel.
**** on a (perhaps controversial) note, when we first learned this during Bradfield the current fashion for 'brachot parties' within certain segments of the Sephardi world sprang to mind, as an example of how the very act of doing a ritual (in this case, making blessings on different types of food) takes on such an intrinsic significance that the reason why we do the ritual (i.e. because it is a mitzva) becomes forgotten...
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